OMIA:001543-9615 : Dyskinesia, paroxysmal in Canis lupus familiaris (dog) |
In other species: domestic cat
Categories: Behaviour / neurological phene
Single-gene trait/disorder: no
Mode of inheritance: Multifactorial
Disease-related: yes
Key variant known: no
Cross-species summary: episodic movement disorder
Species-specific name: Scottie cramp
Mapping: Jenkins et al. (2024) "conducted a preliminary genome-wide association study (GWAS) aiming to identify [paroxysmal dyskinesia] PxD-associated loci in Norwich Terriers ... . ... preliminary GWAS suggests that PxD in the Norwich Terrier is not likely to be a single-gene disorder, and may be multigenic or complex."
Breeds:
Dachshund (Dog) (VBO_0200406),
Norwich Terrier (Dog) (VBO_0200962).
Breeds in which the phene or likely causal variants have been documented. If a likely causal variant has been documented, see variant-specific breed information in the variant table. (Breed information may be incomplete).
Contact us
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Cite this entry
Nicholas, F. W., Tammen, I., & Sydney Informatics Hub. (2026). OMIA:001543-9615: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA) [dataset]. https://omia.org/. https://doi.org/10.25910/2AMR-PV70
References
Note: the references are listed in reverse chronological order (from the most recent year to the earliest year), and alphabetically by first author within a year.
| 2026 | Boyd, B., Corsini, G., Polidoro, D., Bhatti, S.F.M., Grapes, N., Alza, D., Motta, L., Formoso, S., De Decker, S., Bertram, S., Gilbert, S., Karpozilou, A., Douralidou, D., Santifort, K., De Frias, J.M., Bongers, J., Kaczmarska, A., Liatis, T. : |
| Phenotypic features of paroxysmal dyskinesia in Dachshund dogs: 62 cases (2017-2025). J Vet Intern Med 40:aalag195, 2026. Pubmed reference: 42685337. DOI: 10.1093/jvimsj/aalag195. | |
| Dellwig, A., Meyerhoff, N., Rogers, C.B., Volk, H.A., Tipold, A., Nessler, J.N. : | |
| Canine paroxysmal dyskinesia: distribution of etiological subtypes and structural and reactive causes in a retrospective tertiary care cohort. Front Vet Sci 13:1846296, 2026. Pubmed reference: 42601911. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2026.1846296. | |
| Okonji, S., Del Baldo, F., Garuti, E., Vecchiato, C.G., Di Carlo, A., Costantini, G., Cauduro, A., Di Paola, A., Falzone, C., Gallucci, A., Tartari, I., Baroni, M., Poli, F., Bianchi, E., Buffagni, V., Valentini, A., Gagliardo, T., Gandini, G. : | |
| Effects of a gluten-free hydrolyzed diet in dogs with paroxysmal dyskinesia: a prospective cohort study. J Vet Intern Med 40:aalag255, 2026. Pubmed reference: 42949439. DOI: 10.1093/jvimsj/aalag255. | |
| Reyes, H.M., Galli, G., Burbaitè, E., Cocchetto, A., Fiorentino, E., Menchetti, M. : | |
| Presumptive paroxysmal dyskinesia in 41 dogs: is the diet change enough? J Vet Intern Med 40:aalag238, 2026. Pubmed reference: 42855437. DOI: 10.1093/jvimsj/aalag238. | |
| 2024 | Jenkins, C.A., De Risio, L., Dietschi, E., Leeb, T., Rytz, U., Schawalder, P., Schoenebeck, J.J., Mellersh, C.S., Ricketts, S.L. : |
| A preliminary genome-wide association study of paroxysmal dyskinesia in the Norwich Terrier. Anim Genet 55:914-917, 2024. Pubmed reference: 39394913. DOI: 10.1111/age.13479. | |
| Kim, M., Cho, H., Kim, U., Choen, S., Yun, Y., Song, W.J. : | |
| Suspected paroxysmal dyskinesia in four small-breed dogs: Clinical presentation, diagnosis, management and prognosis. Vet Med Sci 10:e70015, 2024. Pubmed reference: 39254119. DOI: 10.1002/vms3.70015. | |
| Mandigers, P.J.J., Santifort, K.M., Lowrie, M., Garosi, L. : | |
| Canine paroxysmal dyskinesia-a review. Front Vet Sci 11:1441332, 2024. Pubmed reference: 39119350. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1441332. | |
| 2023 | Baptista da Silva, C., Hermans, M., Ruiz-Suárez, N., Verdoodt, F., Bhatti, S.F.M., Hesta, M. : |
| Long-term nutritional management of an obese German Spitz with paroxysmal dyskinesia, calcium oxalate urolithiasis, and suspected pancreatitis-A case report. Front Vet Sci 10:1054251, 2023. Pubmed reference: 36998641. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1054251. | |
| Liatis, T., De Decker, S. : | |
| Dystonic head tremor in paroxysmal dyskinesia in 17 dogs (2021-2023). Vet Rec 193:e3407, 2023. Pubmed reference: 37643282. DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3407. | |
| Rogers, C.B., Meyerhoff, N., Volk, H.A. : | |
| Gluten serological testing in various dog breeds with paroxysmal dyskinesia. Front Vet Sci 10:1119441, 2023. Pubmed reference: 36937013. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1119441. | |
| 2022 | Santifort, K.M., Mandigers, P.J.J. : |
| Dystonia in veterinary neurology. J Vet Intern Med 36:1872-1881, 2022. Pubmed reference: 36086931. DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16532. | |
| Whittaker, D.E., Volk, H.A., De Decker, S., Fenn, J. : | |
| Clinical characterisation of a novel paroxysmal dyskinesia in Welsh terrier dogs. Vet J 281:105801, 2022. Pubmed reference: 35150842. DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105801. | |
| 2021 | Cerda-Gonzalez, S., Packer, R.A., Garosi, L., Lowrie, M., Mandigers, P.J.J., O'Brien, D.P., Volk, H.A. : |
| International veterinary canine dyskinesia task force ECVN consensus statement: Terminology and classification. J Vet Intern Med 35:1218-1230, 2021. Pubmed reference: 33769611. DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16108. | |
| 2017 | Santifort, KM, Lowrie, M : |
| Paroxysmal non‐kinesigenic dyskinesia characterised by dystonia in a crossbred dog. Vet Rec Case Rep 5:e000429, 2017. | |
| Stassen, Q.E.M., Koskinen, L.L.E., van Steenbeek, F.G., Seppälä, E.H., Jokinen, T.S., Prins, P.G.M., Bok, H.G.J., Zandvliet, M.M.J.M., Vos-Loohuis, M., Leegwater, P.A.J., Lohi, H. : | |
| Paroxysmal dyskinesia in Border Terriers: Clinical, epidemiological, and genetic investigations. J Vet Intern Med 31:1123-1131, 2017. Pubmed reference: 28703446. DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14731. | |
| 2016 | De Risio, L., Forman, O.P., Mellersh, C.S., Freeman, J. : |
| Paroxysmal dyskinesia in Norwich terrier dogs. Mov Disord Clin Pract 3:573-579, 2016. Pubmed reference: 30838250. DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12334. | |
| Lowrie, M., Garosi, L. : | |
| Natural history of canine paroxysmal movement disorders in Labrador retrievers and Jack Russell terriers. Vet J 213:33-7, 2016. Pubmed reference: 27240912. DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.03.007. | |
| 2015 | Urkasemsin, G., Olby, N.J. : |
| Clinical characteristics of Scottie Cramp in 31 cases. J Small Anim Pract 56:276-80, 2015. Pubmed reference: 25599802. DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12317. | |
| 2014 | Black, V., Garosi, L., Lowrie, M., Harvey, R.J., Gale, J. : |
| Phenotypic characterisation of canine epileptoid cramping syndrome in the Border terrier. J Small Anim Pract 55:102-7, 2014. Pubmed reference: 24372194. DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12170. | |
| Guevar, J., De Decker, S., Van Ham, L.M., Fischer, A., Volk, H.A. : | |
| Idiopathic head tremor in English bulldogs. Mov Disord 29:191-4, 2014. Pubmed reference: 24375621. DOI: 10.1002/mds.25767. | |
| 2011 | Wolf, M., Bruehschwein, A., Sauter-Louis, C., Sewell, A.C., Fischer, A. : |
| An inherited episodic head tremor syndrome in Doberman pinscher dogs. Mov Disord 26:2381-6, 2011. Pubmed reference: 21915908. DOI: 10.1002/mds.23936. | |
| 2010 | Packer, R.A., Patterson, E.E., Taylor, J.F., Coates, J.R., Schnabel, R.D., O'Brien, D.P. : |
| Characterization and mode of inheritance of a paroxysmal dyskinesia in Chinook dogs. J Vet Intern Med 24:1305-13, 2010. Pubmed reference: 21054538. DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0629.x. | |
| 2001 | Penderis, J., Franklin, R.J. : |
| Dyskinesia in an adult bichon frise. J Small Anim Pract 42:24-5, 2001. Pubmed reference: 11219819. DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2001.tb01979.x. | |
| 1983 | Herrtage, M.E., Palmer, A.C. : |
| Episodic falling in the cavalier King Charles spaniel. Vet Rec 112:458-9, 1983. Pubmed reference: 6868317. DOI: 10.1136/vr.112.19.458. | |
| 1969 | Meyers, K.M., Lund, J.E., Padgett, G.A. : |
| Hyperkinetic episodes in Scottish Terrier dogs J Am Vet Med Assoc 155:129-33, 1969. Pubmed reference: 5816228. |
Edit History
- Created by Frank Nicholas on 11 May 2011
- Changed by Frank Nicholas on 06 Aug 2016
- Changed by Imke Tammen on 22 Aug 2021
- Changed by Imke Tammen on 12 Jan 2023
- Changed by Imke Tammen on 14 Oct 2024
- Changed by Imke Tammen on 04 Sep 2026